Knowledge of Parkinson’s disease enhanced by new findings

A study published in the journal Cell has suggested that Parkinson’s disease may be caused by bacteria living in the gut, indicating new ways of treating the disease, such as drugs to kill the bugs or probiotics.

Parkinson's disease results in progressive damage to the brain, leading to patients experiencing a tremor and difficulty moving.

The research examined mice which had been genetically programmed to develop Parkinson's and found they produced very high levels of the protein alpha-synuclein, which is associated with damage in the brains of Parkinson's patients.

However, only those animals with bacteria in their stomachs developed symptoms, while the sterile mice remained healthy. Further tests showed transplanting bacteria from Parkinson's patients to mice led to more symptoms than bacteria taken from healthy people.

Dr Timothy Sampson, one of the researchers involved in the study, said: "This was the 'eureka' moment, the mice were genetically identical, the only difference was the presence or absence of gut microbiota.

"Now we were quite confident that gut bacteria regulate, and are even required for, the symptoms of Parkinson's disease."

Dr Sarkis Mazmanian said: "We have discovered for the first time a biological link between the gut microbiome and Parkinson's disease. More generally, this research reveals that a neurodegenerative disease may have its origins in the gut and not only in the brain as had been previously thought.

"The discovery that changes in the microbiome may be involved in Parkinson's disease is a paradigm shift and opens entirely new possibilities for treating patients."

Dr Arthur Roach, from the charity Parkinson's UK, said: "In recent years, evidence has been growing that Parkinson's may begin in the gut, but the chain of events involved has so far remained a mystery.

"This work opens an exciting new avenue of study on the gut-brain connection in Parkinson's. There are still many questions to answer, but we hope this will trigger more research that will ultimately revolutionise treatment options for Parkinson's."

Dr Patrick Lewis, from the University of Reading, said: "This study really does reinforce the idea that examining what goes on in the stomach of people with Parkinson's could provide really important insights into what happens in disease, and potentially a new area of biology to target in trying to slow down or halt the changes in the brain."